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  • Fire extinguisher test as the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_05_xs.jpg
  • A technician makes notes on a test of a fan in a window at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_09_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_08_xs.jpg
  • Safe cracking test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_04_xs.jpg
  • Roof Panel fire test at the Underwriters test Lab, Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_01_xs.jpg
  • A drop test of a portable hand vacuum at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_10_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_06_xs.jpg
  • CRT (TV tube) implosion test at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_03_xs.jpg
  • Carlos Barbaro tests hair drier circuits at the Underwriters test Lab in Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_07_xs.jpg
  • Shatterproof glass gunshot tests at the Underwriters test Lab Northbrook (Chicago) IL.
    USA_SCI_UWRL_02_xs.jpg
  • At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, (A.I.I.M.S.) New Delhi, India.  Male contraceptive nasal spray tested on monkeys.
    IND_020_xs.jpg
  • At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, (A.I.I.M.S.) New Delhi, India.  Male contraceptive nasal spray tested on monkeys.
    IND_019_xs.jpg
  • Grain Farmer Gordon Stine tests grain for moisture content at his leased farm in St. Elmo, Illinois.  (Gordon Stine is featured in the book What I Eat; Around the World in 80 Diets.)
    USA_081001_227_xw.jpg
  • Titan Missile Museum, Green Valley, Arizona. When the SALT Treaty called for the de-activation of the 18 Titan missile silos that ring Tucson, volunteers at the Pima Air Museum asked if one could be retained for public tours. After much negotiation, including additional talks with SALT officials, the Green Valley complex of the 390th Strategic Missile Wing was opened to the public. Deep in the ground, behind a couple of 6,000 pound blast doors is the silo itself. The 110 foot tall missile weighed 170 tons when it was fueled and ready to fly.
    USA_071229_046.jpg
  • Veterinarian School - Tropical diseases research lab. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_ANML_13_xs.jpg
  • CIMMYT: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center outside Mexico City, Mexico. Dr. Marilyn Warburton extracts DNA out of a young corn seedling whose green leaf is ground into juice.
    MEX_092_xs.jpg
  • Stony Hill Winery, St. Helena, CA (Napa Valley). Stony Hill Winery is known for producing fine white wines which are aged in oak barrels that have been used for as many as 30 years, thereby not adding much oak flavor at all to the wine. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_051222_701_StonyHill_rwx.jpg
  • Gun range: Explosion at live fire weapons demo.  Soldier of Fortune Convention, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
    USA_MILT_06_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. Nova Laser. The Nova laser is the worlds most powerful, and is being used to initiate nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fusion is the joining of the nuclei of deuterium and tritium (heavy isotopes of hydrogen). The reaction produces vast amounts of energy, but requires an initial temperature of 100 million Celsius. To achieve this, a pinhead-sized pellet of fuel is placed in the chamber. The Nova laser is focused onto the pellet before a full- power burst is fired. This lasts only 50 picoseconds (trillionths of a second), but gives sufficient energy for fusion to occur. [1989]
    USA_SCI_PHY_16_xs.jpg
  • Students listening for ultrasonic acoustic emissions from a grape vine at UC Davis, California. (1986) Viticulture/Oenology MODEL RELEASED. USA.
    USA_WINE_09_xs.jpg
  • Carole Meredith with Cabernet Sauvignon wine grape seedlings, grown from tissue culture, UC Davis, California. Viticulture/Oenology. MODEL RELEASED. USA.
    USA_WINE_01_xs.jpg
  • Stony Hill Winery, St. Helena, CA (Napa Valley). Mike Chelini, winemaker extracts a sample of white wine with a glass siphoning vessel called a wine thief. Stony Hill Winery is known for producing fine white wines which are aged in oak barrels that have been used for as many as 30 years, thereby not adding much oak flavor at all to the wine. MODEL RELEASED..
    USA_051222_07StonyHill_rwx.jpg
  • Stony Hill Winery, St. Helena, CA (Napa Valley). Mike Chelini, winemaker extracts a sample of white wine with a glass siphoning vessel called a wine thief. Stony Hill Winery is known for producing fine white wines which are aged in oak barrels that have been used for as many as 30 years, thereby not adding much oak flavor at all to the wine. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_051222_00StonyHill_rwx.jpg
  • Pigs/Swine/Hog: Reading fat layers by sonogram at the Dee Brothers hog farm, State Center, Iowa. USA.
    USA_AG_PIG_11_xs.jpg
  • Racking wine at Bodegas Muga, in Haro, Rioja, Spain.  Cellar workers check clarity and color by candlelight.
    SPA_022_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: fitting adjustments being made to a data suit (blue, center) by Lou Ellen Jones, Asif Emon and Bea Holster at VPL research, Redwood City, California. VPL specializes in virtual or artificial reality systems, the production of computer-generated graphical environments that users may enter. Visual contact with such artificial worlds is provided by a headset equipped with 3-D goggles. A spatial sensor on the headset (to fix the user's position in space) and numerous optical fiber sensors woven into the data suit, relay data back to the computer. The forerunner to the data suit is the data glove, which restricted the user's virtual interaction to hand gestures. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_34_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Rafe Schindler and Iris Abt with detector insert. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. [1988]
    USA_SCI_PHY_18_xs.jpg
  • Students studying at a private high school in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    ARG_01_xs.jpg
  • Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. Nova Laser. The Nova laser is the worlds most powerful, and is being used to initiate nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fusion is the joining of the nuclei of deuterium and tritium (heavy isotopes of hydrogen). The reaction produces vast amounts of energy, but requires an initial temperature of 100 million Celsius. To achieve this, a pinhead-sized pellet of fuel is placed in the chamber. The Nova laser is focused onto the pellet before a full- power burst is fired. This lasts only 50 picoseconds (trillionths of a second), but gives sufficient energy for fusion to occur. [1989]
    USA_SCI_PHY_17_xs.jpg
  • High voltage long arc discharge to a Glassair (fiberglass) kit airplane.  The airplane's fiberglass has been impregnated with an aluminum screen to prevent damage from lightning. Testing is to prove this including tests with dummy to make sure there is no flash over to the pilot. Lightning Technologies, Inc., Pittsfield, Massachusetts. (1992)
    USA_SCI_LIG_23_xs.jpg
  • High voltage long arc discharge to a Glassair (fiberglass) kit airplane.  The airplane's fiberglass has been impregnated with an aluminum screen to prevent damage from lightning. Testing is to prove this including tests with dummy to make sure there is no flash over to the pilot. Lightning Technologies, Inc., Pittsfield, Massachusetts. (1992)
    USA_SCI_LIG_21_xs.jpg
  • High voltage long arc discharge to a Glassair (fiberglass) kit airplane.  The airplane's fiberglass has been impregnated with an aluminum screen to prevent damage from lightning. Testing is to prove this including tests with dummy to make sure there is no flash over to the pilot. Lightning Technologies, Inc., Pittsfield, Massachusetts. (1992)
    USA_SCI_LIG_24_xs.jpg
  • Above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_15_xs.jpg
  • Safety tour at underground storage of radioactive wastes. This is one of the chambers of the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_14_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Centre for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_40_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_39_xs.jpg
  • Professor Robert J. Full's Poly-PEDAL Lab at UC Berkeley has been working with roboticists for years, supplying them with information on small animal locomotion that is used to conStruct innovative robots. Recently, the Lab has been working with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), testing and evaluating artificial muscles. Dr. Kenneth Meijer (from Holland) compares and measures a Stanford Artificial Muscle with a natural one from the leg of the Death Head Cockroach. After cooling the cockroach and exposing leg extensor muscle number 179, an electrode is suctioned into the muscle to simulate the nerve-to-muscle connection. Published in Stern Magazine, February 11th, 2000.
    Usa_rs_657_xs.jpg
  • Above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. 1998.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_20_xs.jpg
  • Road to underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground (salt pond in foreground). WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from atomic power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_18_xs.jpg
  • Underground storage of radioactive wastes. Measuring ceiling-floor movement. This is one of the chambers of the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly radioactive transuranic waste from nuclear power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_13_xs.jpg
  • Salt tailing pile in foreground of an above ground view of underground storage of radioactive wastes for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP), 700 meters below ground. WIPP is a research project to determine the suitability of the local salt rocks as a storage site for highly- radioactive transuranic waste from atomic power stations. Such waste materials may have radioactive half-lives of thousands of years, and so must be isolated in a geologically stable environment. On the left is an experiment testing the design of containers carrying vitrified waste. The mine is located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. (1998)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_16_xs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. .Test site of the first atomic bomb, part of the Manhattan Project. Trinity was detonated at 5:29am on 16th July 1945 at the Los Alamos site in New Mexico, USA.  (1984)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_06_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brown smoke rises from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_21_xs.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_252_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_070_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_068_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosion on July 16, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_029_x.jpg
  • Evan Menzel at Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosion on July 16, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_101002_028_x.jpg
  • Scientist Richard Turco and Carl Sagan were on the scientific team that devised the concept of nuclear winter. Turco is seen here at the Nuclear Winter test fire: where a canyon outside Los Angeles was deliberately set on fire to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_25_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brown smoke rises from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_22_xs.jpg
  • A Defense Department specialist in a radiation suit on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas holds a Geiger counter during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_01_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting.
    USA_SCI_DNA_45_xs.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_210_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_117_x.jpg
  • Evan Menzel photographing trinitite at Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_101002_061_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_059_x.jpg
  • Evan Menzel at Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosion n July 16, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_101002_027_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosion on July 16, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_023_x.jpg
  • Site Trinity, ground zero, on the White Sands Missile Range in S. New Mexico. Site of the world's first atomic explosiion on August 6, 1945. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhatten Project. The Manhattan Project refers to the effort during World War II by the United States, in collaboration with the United Kingdom, Canada, and other European physicists, to develop the first nuclear weapons. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves, with its scientific research directed by the American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project)
    USA_101002_022_x.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: brush fires deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_24_xs.jpg
  • Nuclear Winter test fire: fire crews rest while monitoring the brown smoke rising from smoldering brush fires, deliberately started to study the potential climatic effects of a nuclear war. The nuclear winter theory predicts that smoke from fires burning after a nuclear war would block sunlight, causing a rapid drop in temperature that would trigger serious ecological disturbance. The test burn took place in December 1986 on 500 acres of brush in Lodi Canyon, Los Angeles. Dripping napalm from a helicopter ignited the fire. Ground-based temperature sensors were used to study soil erosion. Various airborne experiments included smoke sampling & high-altitude infrared imaging from a converted U-2 spy plane.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_23_xs.jpg
  • Defense Department specialists in radiation suits on the Nuclear Test Site in the Nevada desert outside Las Vegas hold Geiger counters during a simulated nuclear weapons accident test. In the "Broken Arrow" (any accident involving a nuclear weapon) exercise, the Defense Department and the Department of Energy simulated the crash of a helicopter carrying nuclear weapons. Various agencies and departments then practiced coordinating their responses in an effort to find and clean up the mess. Real radioactive material was spread around the desert and a large number of soldiers simulated the angry residents of a nearby town..1981
    USA_SCI_NUKE_02_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Using Rhesus monkeys, the National Institute of Health is attempting to develop retro-viral free (Herpes-B free) monkeys because virus-carrying monkeys can throw off test results. The goal is to minimize inbreeding to insure a pure test breed.  Human probes are being used to identify polymorphism in monkeys, and the monkeys' blood samples are DNA fingerprinted.  Monkeys are moved among half-acre outdoor pens and other smaller cages thereby minimizing inbreeding. University of California Davis, Department of Anthropology. DNA Fingerprinting..
    USA_SCI_DNA_44_xs.jpg
  • By flexing his data-gloved hand, robotics specialist Fredrik L. Rehnmark controls the NASA robonaut as it reaches for a battery-operated power drill on a test platform. Black goggles on Rehnmark's head give him the view from the twin digital cameras mounted in the robot's shiny carapace. Next to Rehnmark, engineer Hal A. Aldridge tracks the robot's test results. In a cavernous adjacent room in the Johnson Space Center  in Texas is a life-sized mock-up of the robonaut's future home: the NASA space shuttle. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 132-133.
    USA_rs_362_qxxs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. An exorcism is performed by a Catholic Priest, here sprinkling holy water, as visitors to ground zero mill around an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1986.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_12_xs.jpg
  • First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. An exorcism is performed by a Catholic Priest, here sprinkling holy water, as visitors to ground zero mill around an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1986.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_08_xs.jpg
  • New Mexico, First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_04_xs.jpg
  • New Mexico, .First atomic bomb test site: Site Trinity, visitors lined up to enter the McDonald farmhouse, restored by the National Park Service. The world's first atomic bomb was assembled here before it was hoisted onto a tower for the detonation that ushered in the nuclear age. (1984).
    USA_SCI_NUKE_05_xs.jpg
  • Wild flower and trinitite. Trinitite is a metamorphic rock found in New Mexico. It was formed during the explosion of the world's first nuclear bomb, code-named Trinity, on 16 July 1945. Trinitite is an altered silicate resembling rough green glass. The extreme temperatures of the nuclear explosion melted the native sandstone soil. As the material cooled it formed a glassy structure. The greenish color comes from iron in the sand - the same iron, which as an oxide gave the original sand its reddish color. Most of the original radioactivity of the trinitite has gone in the last decades. First atomic bomb test site. (1984).
    USA_SCI_NUKE_10_xs.jpg
  • In Death Valley, California, the team responsible for a Russian Mars Rover 'Marsokhod' tests its vehicle to see how it will handle its maneuvering along the similar rocky terrain. The Planetary Society sponsored the test. Robo sapiens Project.
    Usa_rs_650_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; cold, fatigue, alcohol study with motorboat drive test on Lake Superior.  The driver has been given measured amounts of alcohol and his reactions tested. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_08_xs.jpg
  • Nevada Nuclear Test site- Used drill bits in the drilling storage yard for underground nuclear tests. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_19_xs.jpg
  • In Death Valley, California, the team responsible for a Russian Mars Rover 'Marsokhod' tests its vehicle to see how it will handle its maneuvering along the similar rocky terrain. The Planetary Society sponsored the test. Robo sapiens Project.
    USA_rs_706_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; volunteers in survival suit test immersed in cold water at a temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C). A variety of probes measure their vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_05_xs.jpg
  • In Palo Alto, CA Gavin Miller and his wife Nancy test his robotic snake in the driveway of their home. Miller builds the snakes in his garage. Gavin's dog barks a the snake to the amusement of his wife, Nancy.
    Usa_rs_647_xs.jpg
  • Zaiger Genetics: Apricots in test tubes in the tissue culture lab run by Grant Zaiger, Floyd's son. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Tissue culture Lab. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_04_xs.jpg
  • Nevada Nuclear Test site: crater created by Project Sedan nuclear blast in 1969 is 320 feet deep by 1289 feet in diameter. (1988)
    USA_SCI_NUKE_07_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; US Coastguardsman wears a survival suit while laying on ice floating in Lake Superior for a survival suit test. Temperature of the water is about 45 degrees Fahrenheit. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_11_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; volunteer lays still for shiver test as 30 °F air is blown on her. A variety of probes measure her vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_06_xs.jpg
  • University of California Berkeley biologist Robert Full analyzes centipede motion by observing the insect's movement across a glass plate covered with "photoelastic" gelatin. On either side of the gel are thin polarizing filters that together block all light coming through the glass. When the centipede's feet contact the gel, they temporarily deform it, altering the way light goes through it and allowing some to pass through the filters. In the test above, one group of legs works on one side of the animal's midsection while two other groups work near its head and tail. UC Berkeley (California. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 94 bottom..
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  • Cape Canaveral, Florida. Natural lightning and experimental lightning rods from Australia being tested at Cape Canaveral, Florida. 1991.
    USA_SCI_LIG_37_xs.jpg
  • Utilizing the research results of University of California biologist Robert Full, Martin Buehler of McGill University and Daniel E. Koditschek of the University of Michigan seized upon when they created RHex (controlled by graduate student Uluç Saranli). Tested in a laboratory (at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor) dominated by an antique poster for Isaac Asimov's book, I, Robot, RHex could become a "companion robot," Buehler says, following its owner around like a friendly mechanical shadow. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 97.
    USA_rs_470_qxxs.jpg
  • Hunched over a treadmill designed for arthropods, biologist Robert Full tests an Arizona centipede in his laboratory at UC Berkeley (California). Even though the centipede has forty legs, it runs much like an ordinary six-legged insect. Just as insects move on two alternating sets of three legs (two on one side, one on the other), the centipede gathers its legs into three alternating groups, with the tips of the feet in each group bunched together. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 94 top.
    USA_rs_319_qxxs.jpg
  • Looking into the eyes of Jack the robot, Gordon Cheng tests its response to the touch of his hand. Researchers at the Electrotechnical Lab at Tsukuba, an hour away from Tokyo, Japan, are part of a project funded by the Japanese Science and Technology Agency to develop a humanoid robot as a research vehicle into complex human interactions. With the nation's population rapidly aging, the Japanese government is increasingly funding efforts to create robots that will help the elderly. Project leader Yasuo Kuniyoshi wants to create robots that are friendly and quite literally soft, the machinery will be sheathed in thick padding. In contrast to a more traditional approach, Kuniyoshi wants to program his robot to make it learn by analyzing and fully exploiting its natural constraints. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 56-57.
    Japan_JAP_rs_279_qxxs.jpg
  • Site Trinity ground zero, the still radioactive piece of desert in the White Sands Missile Range, which was witness to the world's first nuclear explosion on August 6, 1945. Each year the site is open to the public for one day. Visitors to ground zero listen to a Manhattan Project scientist reminisce while standing next to an original Fat Man bomb casing, on loan from the nearby Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    USA_SCI_NUKE_03_xs.jpg
  • Although MIT roboticist Rodney Brooks has worked in robotics since the late 1970s, he first attracted widespread attention when he began building robot insects, in the 1980s. (He was one of the subjects of Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control, a documentary film.) From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 61.
    USA_rs_456_qxxs.jpg
  • Leaning over the glass-topped workbench in the spare bedroom of his Los Alamos, NM condominium, where he builds most of his robot creatures, Mark Tilden shines a flashlight on what will become the head of Nito 1.0. Many of the components scattered over his desk are simple, cheap, and (by contemporary standards) primitive; many are ripped from junked tape decks, cameras, and VCRs. Nito will be Tilden's most ambitious creation yet. (The name stands for "Neural Implementation of a Torso Organism.") When complete, he says, this easily built machine should interact in a simianlike fashion in its world. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 121..
    USA_rs_212_qxxs.jpg
  • Although the Titan VII climbing robot has only four legs, its designers drew their inspiration from spiders, which have exceptional climbing skills. Built by Hideyuki Tsukagoshi, a research associate in the Tokyo laboratory of Shigeo Hirose, the machine is intended to be a mobile construction platform on steep slopes. Japan. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 193.
    Japan_JAP_rs_55_qxxs.jpg
  • Johnson-Turnbull Winery in Oakville, Napa Valley, California.  Winemaker, Kristin Belair, inside a clean stainless steel fermentation tank. [Once the grapes are harvested, they are poured into a crusher that separates the stems from the grapes; the grapes and juice are then funneled directly into the stainless steel tank for fermentation.]  The winery was purchased in 1992 by Patrick O'Dell and renamed Turnbull Winery. Photographed in 1990. Photographed in 1990. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_NAPA_12_xs.jpg
  • Simulated lightning strike to a sailboat model in lab. Institution för Hopspänningsforkning, Husbyborg, Uppsala, Sweden. Engineer - Eric Löfberg (1991).Lightning occurs when a large electrical charge builds up in a cloud, probably due to the friction of water and ice particles. The charge induces an opposite charge on the ground, and a few leader electrons travel to the ground. When one makes contact, there is a huge backflow of energy up the path of the electron. This produces a bright flash of light, and temperatures of up to 30,000 degrees Celsius.
    SWE_SCI_LIG_02_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth; volunteers immersed in cold water at a temperature of 53 degrees Fahrenheit (10 °C). A variety of probes measure their vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. MODEL RELEASED [1988]
    USA_SCI_HYP_03_xs.jpg
  • Hypothermia Research: Research on exercise in cold water, part of an assessment of exercise regimes for victims of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, at the University of Minnesota Hypothermia laboratory in Duluth, a volunteer rides an exercise bicycle while immersed in cold water at a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. A variety of probes measure his vital functions, skin & core body temperatures. The tube connected to his mouth delivers a monitored air supply. People afflicted by MS need regular exercise, but the rise in body temperature this provokes often causes uncontrollable shaking. Exercise in cold water helps counter this effect. MODEL RELEASED [1988]  .Hypothermia is a medical condition in which the victim's core body temperature has dropped to significantly below normal and normal metabolism begins to be impaired. This begins to occur when the core temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit). If body temperature falls below 32 °C (90 °F), the condition can become critical and eventually fatal. Body temperatures below 27 °C (80 °F) are almost uniformly fatal, though body temperatures as low as 14 °C (57.5 °F) have been known to be survivable.  [[http://encycl.opentopia.com/term/Hypothermia]]
    USA_SCI_HYP_01_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. Dr. Narasimham. Gold mine at Kolar, site of India's proton decay experiment. The experiment consists of 150 tons of iron tube arranged in a cubic layout 6000 feet (1828 meters) below ground. Each tube is converted to act like a large Geiger counter, and is designed to detect the products from the decay of a proton. The half- life of the proton is estimated at 10 to the power 34 years, so the experiment has to contain as many protons as possible for the probability of an event occurring to be realistic. India. MODEL RELEASED (1985)
    IND_SCI_PHY_01_xs.jpg
  • Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter. View of the entrance to the French side of the Mont Blanc tunnel, inside which is located the NUSEX proton decay experiment. The tunnel runs between France & Italy under Mont Blanc. NUSEX is located several kilometers inside the tunnel, on the French side of the border, in one of the garage areas dug out of the rock at regular intervals along the tunnel. .View of the NUSEX (Nucleon Stability Experiment) proton decay detector located in a garage area off the Mont Blanc tunnel under some 5000 meters of rock which shields it from most cosmic radiation. (1985)
    FRA_SCI_PHY_04_xs.jpg
  • Dan Paluska, the mechanical engineering grad student leading M2's hardware design and construction, is seen here in a double exposure that melds him with his machine for a photo illustration. The lower torso and extremity robot, called M2, took its first tentative steps last year here in the basement of MIT's Leg Laboratory. Established in 1980 by Marc Raibert, the Leg Lab was home to the first robots that mimicked human walking; swinging like an inverted pendulum from step to step. Similar to image published on the cover of Wired Magazine, September 2000. MIT Leg Lab, Cambridge, MA.
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  • In the same building as Robert Full at UC Berkeley is Michael Dickinson, whose email address "FlymanD" is revealing. Dickinson is a biologist specializing in the study of the aerodynamics of flapping flight. His bizarre studies of fruit fly flight are fascinating. In one small room sits a Plexiglas tank filled with two metric tons of mineral oil. Suspended in the oil are giant mechanical models of fruit fly wings, RoboFly. Because the tiny movements of the wings of a real fruit fly displace air on such a small scale that the air acts sticky, RoboFly enables Dickinson to study similar forces when the giant wings are flapping in oil.
    Usa_rs_635_xs.jpg
  • Here COG,(short for cognitive) is seen using a slinky toy. Cog's designer is Rodney Brooks, head of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, in Cambridge, Mass. Although some might be discouraged by the disparity between the enormous amount of thought and labor that went into it and the apparently meager results (simulating the intelligence of a six month old baby), Brooks draws a different conclusion. That so much is required to come close to simulating a baby's mind, he believes, only shows the fantastic complexity inherent in the task of producing an artificially intelligent humanoid robot. Robo sapiens page 59
    Usa_rs_5D_120_nxs.jpg
  • Force-feedback is widely used in data gloves, which send hand movements to grasping machines. The robot hand, which was built by the students in Mark Cutkosky's Stanford lab, transmits the "feel" of the blocks between its pincers, giving operators a sense of how hard they are gripping. Stanford, CA. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 137 bottom.
    USA_rs_474_qxxs.jpg
  • Eyes sweeping the room with what seems to be hopeful curiosity, Kismet the robot sits like an animated bust on Cynthia Breazeal's desk at MIT in Cambridge, MA. When it spots visitors, the robot's expression changes to an almost uncannily convincing expression of interest and delight. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species. One of a series of Kismet images.
    USA_rs_42_nxxs.jpg
  • Eyes sweeping the room with what seems to be hopeful curiosity, Kismet the robot sits like an animated bust on Cynthia Breazeal's desk at MIT in Cambridge, MA. When it spots visitors, the robot's expression changes to an almost uncannily convincing expression of interest and delight. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species. One of a series of Kismet images.
    USA_rs_38_qxxs.jpg
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