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![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. American scientists check wiring as a heavy booted Soviet scientist descends the frozen stairs at the Karkarlinsk Field lab seismic monitors surrounding a borehole. (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000NOAZMXZTlL4/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000NOAZMXZTlL4.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab bore hole seismic monitor. Jon Berger (left], with a technician checks the wiring as a heavy booted Soviet scientist descends the stairs. (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000HKgE0zjWSpw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000HKgE0zjWSpw.jpg)
![Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000WrG0PRMxBA8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000WrG0PRMxBA8.jpg)
![Matthew Jones, wearing 3-D glasses to view computer simulations, from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at extremely high energies. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The scientist is seen wearing special glasses that enable viewing of computer- generated stereoscopic images of the particle tracks following the collision inside the Large Detector. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000QJ0Xl7YU5SQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000QJ0Xl7YU5SQ.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist, Cynthia Alviso, with two organic aerogels. The cloudy white disc is silica aerogel, whilst the red disc is an aerogel containing fibers of an organic material. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation and extremely low mass. It is made by drying a water-based or alcohol-based gel in a super fluid process that prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of linked microscopic fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as a thermal insulator and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. MODEL RELEASED [1991].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000hqbklEdXBk8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hqbklEdXBk8.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist Hans Hofer at CERN..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries..Geneva, Switzerland. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000DQGrcOF_IuE/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000DQGrcOF_IuE.jpg)
![Physics: Scientist checking the sense wires of the muon detector inside the clean room of CERN's L-3 experiment during construction in [1988] The detector consists of 250, 000 beryllium and tungsten wires mounted in 80 chambers. A pair of positive and negative muons may be produced by the collision of an electron and a positron, the wires detect the muons and measure their momentum. The L-3 experiment is part of CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP), inaugurated on 13 November 1989. [1988].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Ov1.3kPVXew/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Ov1.3kPVXew.jpg)
![Nano Technology: Molecular bearing. Computer scientist Ralph Merkle models a molecular bearing designed on computer. Merkle is head of Computational Nanotechnology at Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) in California, USA. Using desktop simulations he builds tiny machines atom by atom, such as this frictionless bearing, which would be too small to see even with the world's most powerful microscope. Although still on the frontiers of science, nanotechnology could one day lead to a host of revolutionary miniature inventions, such as microscopic nanorobots that patrol the human body in search of cancer tumors. [1995]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000LSNXb9bqnVM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000LSNXb9bqnVM.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk sauna: American and Soviet scientists and workers relax in the local sauna. (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000uDrkCPOLipw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000uDrkCPOLipw.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Staff at the Karkarlinsk Field lab bore hole seismic monitor. (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000ABG0qSGKrLI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000ABG0qSGKrLI.jpg)
![Physics: Raychem Corporation's CEO Paul Cook in electron accelerator radiation chamber (plastic pipe irradiation) MODEL RELEASED [1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000ciPYTuVgRRI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000ciPYTuVgRRI.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Helen Quinn, theoretician. Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1986].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000cWHDUEHIQBo/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000cWHDUEHIQBo.jpg)
![Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: Cermet. Paul Curtis putting ceramic and aluminum in oven. MODEL RELEASED [1991]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000wBlzqykiNto/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000wBlzqykiNto.jpg)
![Airborne infrared astronomy. Alan Meyer (left) and Roger Hildebrand seen during a flight of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). The screen displays show the image made by the alignment telescope (left) and the infrared telescope (right). The KAO is a converted Lockheed C-141A Starlifter aircraft, containing a 90-cm infrared telescope. Flying at up to 12,500 meters, the KAO can cruise well above most of the atmospheric water vapor,, which absorbs far-infrared radiation. The KAO also contains computerized data reduction and analysis stations. Operated by NASA, the first flight of the KAO was in January [1992] NASA AMES Research Center at Moffett Field, Mountain View, California. Infrared telescope looking at gas clouds. [1992]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000QSUuCy_gNDY/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000QSUuCy_gNDY.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Workers pass the time playing a game of chess (American, Jon Berger vs. Soviet, Stolyrov]. MODEL RELEASED (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000EZY2M4r.UWg/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000EZY2M4r.UWg.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Jon Berger and Stolrov pass the time playing a game of chess (American vs. Soviet]. MODEL RELEASED (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00007_WYukpsvjc/fill=/fit=180x180/I00007_WYukpsvjc.jpg)
![The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC]: Seismic Monitor Nuclear test project in The Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1986 the USSR Academy of Sciences allowed the NRDC to install seismic monitoring instruments within a few hundred kilometers of their nuclear test site to verify that the USSR was not testing nuclear weapons underground during the nuclear test ban. By allowing this monitoring on their soil and by monitoring near the Nevada test site in the USA, mutual trust was built that facilitated the end of the Cold War. Karkarlinsk Field lab. Early morning party in Soviet dorm with Americans and Soviets. (1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00008edsCT9Cg6A/fill=/fit=180x180/I00008edsCT9Cg6A.jpg)
![A fossilized dinosaur limb bone is prepared in the paleontology laboratory of Monash University, Australia by Leslie Kool. Preparation involves the removal of the fossil from the rock matrix, in which it is embedded, using a fine-tipped drill. Fossils are normally removed from the field with a substantial portion of rock or plaster around them. This allows the removal to be performed slowly and carefully, avoiding damage to the sample, and any required preservation work to be made. This fossil was found near Dinosaur Cove in southern Australia, the first mining operation specifically for the purpose of fossil hunting. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00000WshKBxLVA8/fill=/fit=180x180/I00000WshKBxLVA8.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, California. Control Room [1988]. Instrumentation displays inside the control room of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989.](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000b_6f7D1iczA/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000b_6f7D1iczA.jpg)
![Physics: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Martin Perl, Physicist at SLAC..Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, Menlo Park, California. With a length of 3km, the Stanford Linear Accelerator is the largest of its kind in the world. The accelerator is used to produce streams of electrons and positrons, which collide at a combined energy of 100 GeV (Giga electron Volts). This massive energy is sufficient to produce Z-zero particles in the collision. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was first discovered at CERN, Geneva, in 1983. The first Z-zero at SLC was produced on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000cptTX3uukG8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000cptTX3uukG8.jpg)
![Alan Weinstein from the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experiment, seen with a computer-simulated collision event between an electron and a positron. The SLC produces Z-zero particles by this collision process, which takes place at energies high enough for the electron and positron to annihilate one another, the Z-zero left decaying rapidly into another electron/positron pair or a quark/anti-quark pair. The Z-zero is one of the mediators of the weak nuclear force, the force behind radioactive decay, and was discovered at CERN in 1983. The first Z-zero seen at SLC was detected on 11 April 1989. MODEL RELEASED [1988] Menlo Park, California.](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000.oMC.oP73Ow/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000.oMC.oP73Ow.jpg)
![Professor Boris Rubinsky at University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering. He developed the first "bionic chip", in which a biological cell is part of the actual electronic circuitry, invented with graduate student Yong Huang. MODEL RELEASED [2001]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00009Z7dC8pfxxk/fill=/fit=180x180/I00009Z7dC8pfxxk.jpg)
![Burton Richter (b.1931), Director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), photographed during the construction of the Stanford Linear Collider in [1988] Richter won the 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics, following his discovery of the Psi- particle at the SLAC in 1974. The Prize was shared with Sam Ting of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery of the Psi- particle also implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti- Charm. Richter has been at SLAC since 1964, having also designed the PEP positron-electron storage ring at Stanford. Richter became Director of SLAC in 1984, and now oversees projects such as the Stanford Linear Positron-Electron Collider. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00000SQHC9CECxY/fill=/fit=180x180/I00000SQHC9CECxY.jpg)
![Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk.jpg)
![Physics: A blowtorch is applied to a sample of aerogel to demonstrate its insulation properties. Aerogel is a new material, which has very high thermal insulation properties and extremely low mass. It is made by adding alcohol to a conventional silica gel to remove water. The gel is then placed in a pressure chamber, and the alcohol removed under super fluid conditions. This prevents the gel from collapsing. The resulting block of silica fibers contains about 90% air, so is very lightweight. Aerogel is being studied as an insulating material and as a holding medium for nuclear fusion fuel. Photographed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. [1991]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00009Qa8bK.lTXQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I00009Qa8bK.lTXQ.jpg)
![Physics: Lawrence Livermore National Lab in Livermore, California. New Materials: thin multilayer (copper and zirconium) held by Troy Barbee. MODEL RELEASED [1991]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000YtaL_VcwyY0/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000YtaL_VcwyY0.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000pDLgQEIYEr8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000pDLgQEIYEr8.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000K8TTz2JFDyw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000K8TTz2JFDyw.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in Holyrood Park in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000sRBcGi41d7E/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000sRBcGi41d7E.jpg)
![Physics: British theoretical physicist Professor Peter Higgs seen in the Café Royal Pub in Edinburgh, Scotland (b. 1929). In 1964, Higgs predicted the existence of a new type of fundamental particle, commonly called the Higgs boson. This particle is required by many of the current Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), which hope to explain three of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak & the strong nuclear forces) in a single unified theory. The Higgs boson is yet to be detected experimentally, but it is one of the main challenges of high-energy particle accelerators now being built. Higgs is professor of theoretical physics at Edinburgh University. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000jJHcENJP6S8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000jJHcENJP6S8.jpg)
![Physics: Assembly of Bismuth Germanium Oxide (BGO) Crystal for the L-3 experiment at CERN. BGO (formula Bi4 Ge3 O12) is used to detect electrons and photons generated by electron- positron collisions in the LEP Collider ring. When an electron or photon enters the crystal, its energy is converted into light. The light is channeled by the crystal to photodiodes, producing an electronic signal. 11, 000 crystals, totaling 12 tons in weight, are used in the detector, measuring the energy and position of the incoming particles at very high resolution. The LEP and L- 3 detector were inaugurated on 13 November 1989. Geneva, Switzerland..CERN is the European centre for particle physics near Geneva. L3 is one of 4 giant particle detectors at the LEP Collider. LEP collides electrons & positrons accelerated to an energy of 50 GeV in a circular tunnel 100m underground & 27km in circumference. L3 is a cylindrical assembly of many types of apparatus - hadron & electromagnetic calorimeters, drift chambers, & a time projection chamber - which fit together like layers of an onion around the point where the particles collide. L3 is a collaboration of 460 physicists from institutions in 13 countries. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000aijwUd.DOQo/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000aijwUd.DOQo.jpg)
![Physics: Samuel C.C. Ting (b.1936), Project Director of the L-3 Detector Experiment at CERN's Large Electron- Positron Collider (LEP). Sam Ting won the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics (shared with Burton Richter), following his discovery of the J/Psi particle at the Brookhaven Laboratory in 1974. The J/Psi particle, and the Psi-prime particle discovered by Richter, implied the existence of two new quarks, Charm and anti-Charm. The L-3 experiment at CERN is designed to search for the fundamental particles of nature and the mechanism by which they receive their mass. MODEL RELEASED [1988]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Avn.DVM7dhk.jpg)
![Physics: Geneva, Switzerland/CERN: John Bell (b.1928), Theoretical Physicist. John Bell was a theoretical physicist at CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics. He invented the "Bell inequalities" which allowed a better understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics, the physics of the very small. MODEL RELEASED [1987]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000C82MgNyCEs4/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000C82MgNyCEs4.jpg)
