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![Corey Wilson and John Wilson, members of the Dinosaur Cove excavation team, drill holes in the working face of the mine to allow explosives to be placed. The explosives are used to dislodge large pieces of rock, which are then removed and checked for fossil remains. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Zcne_cgCVUg/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Zcne_cgCVUg.jpg)
![Corey Wilson and John Wilson, members of the Dinosaur Cove excavation team cool off in a rock tide pool after drilling holes in the working face of the mine to allow explosives to be placed. The explosives are used to dislodge large pieces of rock, which are then removed and checked for fossil remains. Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway in southern Australia, is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleo-ontological excavations. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000wt4eCWm6KY8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000wt4eCWm6KY8.jpg)
![Newlyweds Helen and John Wilson after a hard day of drilling and jack hammering at Dinosaur Cove. They are members of the Dinosaur Cove excavation team that is drilling holes in the working face of the mine to allow explosives to be placed. The explosives are used to dislodge large pieces of rock, which are then removed and checked for fossil remains. Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway in southern Australia, is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleo-ontological excavations. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000gSV4K3.TPJA/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000gSV4K3.TPJA.jpg)
![A mining engineer sets off an explosive charge deep inside a mine. The explosives dislodge large pieces of rock from the working face of the mine. When the dust has settled, these rocks are removed and checked for fossil remains. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Z9zzn2Rjwkw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Z9zzn2Rjwkw.jpg)
![Fossil mining. Research team members at Dinosaur Cove pin steel reinforcing mesh to the wall of their mine with long expansion bolts driven in by a jackhammer. Dinosaur Cove is situated near Cape Otway in southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000R_8A118OA6k/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000R_8A118OA6k.jpg)
![Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway in southern Australia, is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The mines are at sea level at the base of high cliff. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000a37Yvcwl9W0/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000a37Yvcwl9W0.jpg)
![A team of paleontologists at work at Dinosaur Cove, Australia. They are seen here removing the overburden, rock lying on top of the strata in which the fossils are expected to be found. Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway in southern Australia, is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000kWH0fbURCRc/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000kWH0fbURCRc.jpg)
![Rebecca Norton, an experienced miner, sets dynamite charges. Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000.r1BLrzxqEQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000.r1BLrzxqEQ.jpg)
![Nick Van Klavern, member of the Dinosaur Cove excavation team, remove a fossil with a rock saw. Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000ZOr.kDv1f8o/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000ZOr.kDv1f8o.jpg)
![Hunting for fossils: Mine owner Bob Foster displays fossil dinosaur remains found in an opal mine at "the Sheepyards" mine area Lightning Ridge, southern Australia. Fossil excavations usually follow existing mining operations. The seam of opal-bearing rock is about 100-120 million years old, laid down during the mid-Cretaceous Period, a time of rich diversification of dinosaur species. Australian fossils are particularly interesting, as at that time the continent was much closer to the South Pole than today. This means that many dinosaurs would have had to cope with long periods of permanent darkness during the winter months. MODEL RELEASED [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Ocn3s4vMSXQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Ocn3s4vMSXQ.jpg)
![Hunting for fossils: Mine owner Bob Foster displays fossil dinosaur remains found in an opal mine at "he Sheepyards" mine area of Lightning Ridge, southern Australia. Fossil excavations usually follow existing mining operations. The seam of opal-bearing rock is about 100-120 million years old, laid down during the mid-Cretaceous Period, a time of rich diversification of dinosaur species. Australian fossils are particularly interesting, as at that time the continent was much closer to the South Pole than today. This means that many dinosaurs would have had to cope with long periods of permanent darkness during the winter months. MODEL RELEASED [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00008gAF81RDTgY/fill=/fit=180x180/I00008gAF81RDTgY.jpg)
![Paleontologist Tom Rich hold fossil skull of leaellynosaurus (named for Leaellyn Rich) in the mine tunnel where it was found at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology ?normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000YEEINWRM_Iw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000YEEINWRM_Iw.jpg)
![Leaellyn Rich holds the skull of dinosaur named after her in the mine tunnel where it was found in Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, Southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000rt2Fm1FcIf4/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000rt2Fm1FcIf4.jpg)
![Dubious dinosaur footprint. Les Price, an opal mineworker examines the cast of a dinosaur footprint in the roof of an opal mine, which he excavated. Dinosaur footprints are preserved when the damp surface material (clay or sand) is baked for a long period by the sun, as at the beginning of a drought. When the overlying water eventually returns, it carries sediments which fill in the footprints, but which are of a different composition to the underlying rock. Here, the excavation of the mine has removed this lower layer (the original 'surface'), leaving the cast of the footprint visible, although it is debatable whether the miner's tools shaped the rock into the shape of a footprint. Photographed at Lightning Ridge, southern Australia. MODEL RELEASED [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000LEht1K.HGbU/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000LEht1K.HGbU.jpg)
![Physics: Proton Decay control room. Cleveland, Ohio, Morton Salt Mine proton decay detector located 600 meters underground in the Morton salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, which consists of a massive tank containing 21 cubic meters of ultra pure water, its walls lined with photomultiplier tubes, which detect faint flashes of Cerenkov light emitted by the passage of charged particles. [1985]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000hJiHKLWLWCk.jpg)
![The Southern Ocean seen from Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway in southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000LTjpzCi07x8/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000LTjpzCi07x8.jpg)
![Antipodean dinosaur hunting. Paleontologist Tom Rich holds the skull (in his right hand) and part of the tail of a fossil hypsolophodontid. This was a small dinosaur, about the size of a large chicken, living in the Cretaceous Period about 100 million years BP (before present). The specimen was found at Dinosaur Cove, southern Australia. Examination of the skull indicates that the creature had a large cerebral optic lobe, which suggests that it had some capacity for adapting to darkness. This becomes relevant when considering that it would have lived between 65 and 80 degrees south latitude, and would therefore have had to endure some length of permanent night in winter. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology ?normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000RrAmJR_KUdI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000RrAmJR_KUdI.jpg)
![Paleontologists Tom and Pat Rich relax with their family at Dinosaur Cove camp near Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000lwK06k6Jr0Y/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000lwK06k6Jr0Y.jpg)
![Sunrise from camp at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, Southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology - normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000jo7xjXSNzt4/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000jo7xjXSNzt4.jpg)
![Lightning bolt across the sky from an approaching afternoon thunderstorm, seen from camp at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, Southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology - normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000fm9e8Iic.W0/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000fm9e8Iic.W0.jpg)
![Beware - dinosaurs! A road sign close to Dinosaur Cove, a major fossil excavation in Australia. The sign, intended to warn of the presence of kangaroos, was altered by one of the volunteer workers at the site. Dinosaur Cove is the first mine devoted to paleontology, most excavations rely on existing commercial mines. [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I00007fETjep0To4/fill=/fit=180x180/I00007fETjep0To4.jpg)
![Rainbow at sunrise as seen from camp at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology - normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000pTsEZv3uCmQ/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000pTsEZv3uCmQ.jpg)
![Long-exposure view of Dinosaur Cove by moonlight. The streaks in the sky are star trails created by the long time exposure. Dinosaur Cove, near Cape Otway, southern Australia is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000v7LIIt9mCcU/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000v7LIIt9mCcU.jpg)
![Dinosaur Cove excavation team members (Ravile Atlas, Nick Van Klavern & Helen Wilson) relax at Johanna Beach on their day off. Near Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology - normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000WbV3Hwqa0nI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000WbV3Hwqa0nI.jpg)
![Double rainbows at dawn as students from Oregon State University arrive at camp at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur Cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology, normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000Enk_lu_Z1mw/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000Enk_lu_Z1mw.jpg)
![Peter Menzel, self-portrait, at dawn in sleeping bag in seaside cave at Dinosaur Cove, Cape Otway, southern Australia. Dinosaur cove is the world's first mine developed specifically for paleontology - normally the scientists rely on commercial mining to make the excavations. The site is of particular interest as the fossils found date from about 100 million years ago, when Australia was much closer to the South Pole than today. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000qS6sgkV3DDc/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000qS6sgkV3DDc.jpg)
![Les Price, opal miner, above mineshaft with dinosaur footprints at Lightning Ridge, Australia. Dinosaur footprints are preserved when the damp surface material (clay or sand) is baked for a long period by the Sun, as at the beginning of a drought. When the overlying water eventually returns, it carries sediments which fill in the footprints, but which are of a different composition to the underlying rock. Here, the excavation of the mine has removed this lower layer (the original 'surface'), leaving the cast of the footprint visible, although it is debatable whether the miner's tools shaped the rock into the shape of a footprint. MODEL RELEASED [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000SrJd5y0rjmI/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000SrJd5y0rjmI.jpg)
![Coober Pedy Opal Mine, Southern Australia. Opal is a form of hydrous silicon oxide. The stones are conglomerates of microscopic spherical particles - opal is never found as a true crystal. The blue/green and dark blue forms seen here are considered to be precious. Opal has a beautiful colored luster due to the varied dispersion of light from its structure. Opal may also be seen in fossils, where it replaces the organic matter (especially bones) in buried remains. [1989]](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000fCAZROH9VjM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000fCAZROH9VjM.jpg)
![Proton decay experiment to determine the ultimate stability of matter..Proton decay. A technician [works with] a 20" (50cm) photomultiplier tube used in the search for proton decay. Hundreds of such tubes line a tank containing 9000 tons of water some 1000 meters underground in a zinc mine in Japan. Tokyo University's Kamiokande experiment was designed to look for decaying protons. If a proton decays, the charged particles it generates move through the water faster than light, and so generate blue 'Cerenkov' radiation. It is this that the photomultipliers detect. Computers then decide whether the event was a decay, or a collision with a solar neutrino. Japan. (1985)](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000uvdBlshQGUM/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000uvdBlshQGUM.jpg)
![A fossilized dinosaur limb bone is prepared in the paleontology laboratory of Monash University, Australia by Leslie Kool. Preparation involves the removal of the fossil from the rock matrix, in which it is embedded, using a fine-tipped drill. Fossils are normally removed from the field with a substantial portion of rock or plaster around them. This allows the removal to be performed slowly and carefully, avoiding damage to the sample, and any required preservation work to be made. This fossil was found near Dinosaur Cove in southern Australia, the first mining operation specifically for the purpose of fossil hunting. [1989].](https://m.psecn.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000wjhthQ4abYc/fill=/fit=180x180/I0000wjhthQ4abYc.jpg)
