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  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Centre for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_40_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality in undersea exploration: bench testing of an undersea tele-robotic robot arm, being developed for the U.S. Navy by the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The functions of this robot are the performance of complex underwater tasks by remote manipulation from the surface. Underwater video cameras & other imaging systems relay information to a computer that produces a 3-D virtual image of the seabed. The operator is linked to this world through a headset equipped with 3-D goggles, & spatial sensor, and data gloves or other clothing that relay precision movements back through the computer to tools on the robot's limbs. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_39_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality. Appearing to be supported by a high-tech Zimmer frame, computer scientist, John Airey uses a steer-able treadmill to progress on a walk- through tour of a virtual image of a church hall. As he paces on the real treadmill, so he moves towards the altar of the 3-D computer-generated image of the church. Such software packages would be invaluable to architects in judging how their designs may be received by the people who will use them, perhaps well in advance of any real foundations being laid. This photo was taken in the Computer Science Department at the University of North Carolina. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_20_xs.jpg
  • Myron Kruger and his assistant, Katrin Hinrichsen, 'shooting' at each other with computer-generated sparks. Kruger is a pioneer of artificial reality, a method allowing people to interface directly with computers. In Kruger's method, called VideoPlace, the participants stand in front of a backlit screen. A video camera forms an image of their silhouette; the computer is programmed to respond to particular actions in a particular way. Here the computer sees the operators pointing, and interprets this as fire a spark in this direction. The computer-generated image appears in the background here on a large video screen. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_03_xs.jpg
  • Interior of the Dali Museum in Figuras, Spain.
    SPA_079_xs.jpg
  • Virtual sex. Pornographic application of virtual reality, showing a man mauling his virtual conquest provided by his headset and data glove & an unseen computer system. Virtual, in computer parlance, describes equipment or programs that assume one form yet give the illusion of another. Here, the image of the woman is provided by the system through goggles in the head-set; contact is effectively faked by optic-optic sensors in the black, rubber data glove, which relay information on aspect and movement of the man's fingers. Photographed at Autodesk Inc., USA. MODEL RELEASED. (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_08_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Lewis Hitchner manipulates a pair of video images of the Valles Marineris of the planet Mars, computer-generated from data provided by the Viking spacecraft at NASA's Ames Research Centre, California. Sophisticated computers & sensors provide the user with a telepresence in the virtual world, through small video screens mounted in goggles on a headset, whilst a spherical joystick controls movement through the virtual landscape. One future Martian application of this system might be in gathering geological samples by remote control using a rover robot. A sensor in the geologist's headset could direct the robot at specific sample targets. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_17_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality & the home computer. Home-based computer scientist, John Schultz, plays a 3-D video game in 3-D stereo sound featuring space-planes dog-fighting, which he wrote for his home computer. Entitled The Event Horizon Simulator the game runs on an Atari 2000 computer, using conventional stereo headphones and a basic LCD headset. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_18_xs.jpg
  • Communicating with computers.  Richard Bolt.  Bolt is working on multi-modal interaction using speech, gesture, and gaze.  He is attempting to program computers to interact with their users by non-standard (keyboard, mouse) methods.  Using off the shelf hardware (cyber gloves, head-mounted eye-tracking gear, and magnetic space sensing cubes that are sewn into clothing), he and his students are creating systems whereby a user would not have to be skilled to interact with a computer.  He wants, "normal interaction with the machine--like you would with a human.  This will open the information highway to the world that cannot use computers."  His view of the future includes large screens, flat wall, or holographic screens which "spread-out information in space, like the real world." MODEL RELEASED.(1994)
    USA_SCI_MIT_05_120_xs.jpg
  • At the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, MA, Joshua Bers models virtual reality gloves and tracking devices while calibrating them. Bers is working on his master's thesis under Richard Bolt. He is seen wearing the equipment detailed above for calibration purposes. Once programmed and calibrated, he can move virtual objects around in a virtual room. Bolt is working on multi-modal interaction using speech, gesture, and gaze. He is attempting to program computers to interact with their users by non-standard (keyboard, mouse) methods.
    Usa_rs_105_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: data suit design. John Bumgarner at VPL Research Inc., Redwood City, California, discussing technical points relating to the design of the blue data suit being worn by Lou Ellen Jones on left. VPL produces virtual reality systems - computer generated graphical environments that a user may enter & interact with. Visual contact is provided by a headset equipped with 3-D goggles. A spatial sensor on the headset (to fix the user's position in space) and numerous optical fiber sensors woven into the data suit relay data back to the computer. The forerunner to the data suit is the data glove, which restricted the user's virtual interaction to hand gestures. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_33_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: fitting adjustments being made to a data suit (blue, center) by Lou Ellen Jones, Asif Emon and Bea Holster at VPL research, Redwood City, California. VPL specializes in virtual or artificial reality systems, the production of computer-generated graphical environments that users may enter. Visual contact with such artificial worlds is provided by a headset equipped with 3-D goggles. A spatial sensor on the headset (to fix the user's position in space) and numerous optical fiber sensors woven into the data suit, relay data back to the computer. The forerunner to the data suit is the data glove, which restricted the user's virtual interaction to hand gestures. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_34_xs.jpg
  • Virtual or artificial reality. Alvar Green, CEO of Autodesk in 1990, Playing Cyberspace, a sophisticated videogame designed by AutoDesk Inc., USA. The computer monitor displays an image of one of Cyberspace's virtual (non-real) environments - a room - into which the player enters by wearing a headset & data glove. Two video images of the environment fit are projected into the eyes, whilst physical interaction is achieved through spatial sensors in the headset & optical fibers woven into the black rubber data glove, which send data to the computer on the player's position & movements in space. Alvar Green Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_26_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Rich Holloway wears prototype headset which employs half-silvered mirrors to enable the user to view a projected image of a virtual environment (and thus exist in virtual reality) and also see in front of his nose. A virtual environment is one created by a computer. A person entering such an environment does so with the aid of such a headset, which displays virtual imagery. Tactile interaction with the environment may be made using a data glove, a Spandex garment wired with sensors, which relays movement of the hand & fingers to the virtual environment. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_13_xs.jpg
  • A work in progress, this still-unnamed face robot can open its eyes and smile. In the future, says its designer, Hidetoshi Akasawa, a mechanical engineering student working on a master's at the Science University of Tokyo, Japan,  it will be able to recognize and react to human facial expressions. This third-generation robot will greet smiles with smiles, frowns with frowns, mixing and matching six basic emotions in a real-time interaction that Hara calls "active human interface." From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 72.
    Japan_JAP_rs_262_qxxs.jpg
  • A work in progress, this still-unnamed face robot can open its eyes and smile. In the future, says its designer, Hidetoshi Akasawa, a mechanical engineering student working on a master's at the Science University of Tokyo, Japan,  it will be able to recognize and react to human facial expressions. This third-generation robot will greet smiles with smiles, frowns with frowns, mixing and matching six basic emotions in a real-time interaction that Hara calls "active human interface."
    Japan_JAP_rs_377_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Steven Storm in the Tissue Laboratory of Biosphere 2, Oracle, Arizona. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_10_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_77_xs <br />
The Biosphere 2 Project’s twenty-seven foot test module at night with auto lights passing by. Norberto Alvarez-Romo is monitoring the conditions inside while standing outside logged on to the system’s computer. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_77_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_74_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Visitors Evan Menzel and Jack Menzel petting goats inside Biosphere 2 test greenhouse and livestock area.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. MODEL RELEASED 1991.
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_74_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_63_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Bernd Zabel and fish culture inside Biosphere 2 test module before the construction of the main Biosphere buidings.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_63_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dawn. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_57_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_53_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project Insectarium seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self-contained. The eight 'Biospherian's' shared their air- and water- tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life over their two-year stay in the building, producing all of their own food and supporting the whole environment in five 'biomes'; agricultural, rain forest, savannah, ocean and marsh.  1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_48_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project member Stephen Storm in the tissue culture lab.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_41_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  'Biospherian' Bernd Zabel harvesting rice inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_36_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Sally Silverstone, one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, holds ladybugs inside the greenhouse of Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_27_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA and one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, seen in the rain forest 'biome'. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_21_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA and one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, seen inside Biosphere 2 with his lunch (all food grown in the Biosphere). Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_18_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA Medical School with frozen tissue sample stored in liquid nitrogen, for aging studies. Shot here in Los Angeles with tissue sample from his dead father. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and had set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_17_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Roy Walford, former pathologist at the UCLA Medical School, preparing to give an injection to a fellow Biospherian. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and had set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_15_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Three of the eight candidates for the Biosphere 2 Project (Taber McCallum, Bernd Zabel, Norberto Alvarez-Romo), seen at the top of the Biosphere 'mountain' during construction. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_09_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Four Biosphere 2 project candidates with a small goat. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_06_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas. Candidates for 1990's Biosphere 2 project at a press conference just before being sealed inside the Biosphere for two-years. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_04_xs.jpg
  • Leaning over the glass-topped workbench in the spare bedroom of his Los Alamos, NM condominium, where he builds most of his robot creatures, Mark Tilden shines a flashlight on what will become the head of Nito 1.0. Many of the components scattered over his desk are simple, cheap, and (by contemporary standards) primitive; many are ripped from junked tape decks, cameras, and VCRs. Nito will be Tilden's most ambitious creation yet. (The name stands for "Neural Implementation of a Torso Organism.") When complete, he says, this easily built machine should interact in a simianlike fashion in its world. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 121..
    USA_rs_212_qxxs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_87_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project founder and Executive Chairman John Allen. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. (1990)
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_87_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_86_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project founder John Allen inside Biosphere 2 teat greenhouses and livestock areas. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_86_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_85_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project founder John Allen with map of the planet Mars. Allen is pointing to what he thinks is a probable landing/colony site on the Mars map. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_85_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_84_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Carl Hodges, Director of the Environmental Research Lab at the University of Arizona, and consultant on the project inside the rainforest biome of Biosphere 2. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_84_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_83_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Carl Hodges, Director of the Environmental Research Lab at the University of Arizona and a consultant of the project. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. MODEL RELEASED 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_83_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_82_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Margaret Augustine, project architect. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_82_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_81_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Architect Philip Hawes at a computer workstation, with Biosphere construction on his computer and projected onto the background.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_81_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Tony Burgess, a biologist and consultant to the project, in the Arizona desert with saguaro cacti.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_75_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  environmental research lab. Abed Anouti conducting a harvest index inside the test greenhouses of Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1987
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_75_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_73_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Russian doctor Elena Yakhnina (left) and researcher Allen Haberstock (right).  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_73_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_72_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  ‘Biospherian’s Mark Nelson and Jayne Poynter eating lunch inside Biosphere 2 with Roy Walford in background. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_72_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_70_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidates inside the test greenhouse.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_70_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_69_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  ‘Biospherian’ Jayne Poynter harvesting potatoes inside Biosphere 2 in the intensive agriculture biome.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_69_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_68_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Photographer, Peter Menzel and writer, Jean-Claude Grenier inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_68_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Hydroponic vegetable  research for Biosphere 2.  The experiment shown here was not used inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_67_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_65_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Tissue culture tubes with the test module in the background.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_65_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_64_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  ‘Biospherian’ Sally Silverstone inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1991
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_64_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_88_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Mark Van Thillo in the habitat library. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_88_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Evan Menzel wears a Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional/virtual Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of his home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_44_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Jack Menzel wears a Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional (or virtual) Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of his home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_42_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Evan & Jack Menzel appear to do battle over who is to wear the Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional (or virtual) Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of their home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_41_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality: Warren Robinett wears a prototype (1st generation) headset. Virtual environments are generated by computer systems to allow users to interact with in similar ways as they might with a real environment. The computer environments are displayed to their users using sophisticated graphics projected through small video monitors mounted on the headset. In addition, some headsets have a sensor which instructs the computer of the wearer's spatial aspect, that is, in 3-D. This particular model features displays with half-silvered mirrors that allow the user to see the computer image & look ahead. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_14_xs.jpg
  • SUPER SUPPER WITH I-GOGS"  Photo Illustration for the Future of Communication GEO (Germany) Special issue. Fictional Representation and Caption: Statistics and cultural studies always harked that families who dine "ensemble" have much better relations than those who do not. The time-honored tradition of families eating together fell by the wayside by the end of the 20th century. In the time-starved 21st century, families re-instituted the practice, but with a twist. They ritualistically eat together but are nearly all multi-tasking at the same time. But they can and often do interact with new half-mirrored goggles "I-GOGS" that allow virtually any computer/TV/school/ or video game program to be played at any time. Mealtime became an opportunity to share data as well as food. The Elkins family of Yountville, California are all surfing various audio-visual entertainment nodes while partaking of their Friday evening fish logs, sports drinks and Jello. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_COMM_04_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere scientist Mark van Thillo is spearfishing, while a tourist observes, inside the artificial ocean of the Biosphere 2 Project during construction. The Ocean 'biome' provided a source of fish during the two-year duration Project. Water that evaporated from the surface of the 'ocean' was condensed and filtered to provide fresh water for consumption and to replenish the freshwater stream.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_62_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere scientist Abigail Alling seen diving inside the artificial ocean of the Biosphere 2 Project during construction. The Ocean 'biome' provided a source of fish during the two-year duration of the Project. Water that evaporated from the surface of the 'ocean' was condensed and filtered to provide fresh water for consumption by the and to replenish the freshwater stream.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_61_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at late afternoon with lightning bolt in the sky. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. This photograph won World Press First Place Science photo in 1991. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_60_xs.jpg
  • Model of Biosphere 2 Project buildings photographed at sunset on the building site. At the time this photo was taken, ground had not been broken yet for the main building. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_59_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_56_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dawn. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_55_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_54_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.   1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_52_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_51_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dusk. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_50_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings seen at dawn near the end of the construction. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1991
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_49_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 prototype space colony with living quarters with Mark Van Thillo in the library at dawn. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_47_xs.jpg
  • Model of Biosphere 2 Project buildings photographed at sunset on the building site. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_45_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project buildings under construction seen at dawn. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_44_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project member Tabor McCullum in the analytical laboratory.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_40_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Mark Nelson with historic biospheres.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_39_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  'Biospherian's Abigail Alling and Linda Leigh in the desert biome of Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_38_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  'Biospherian' Bernd Zabel harvesting rice inside Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_37_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Linda Leigh in 1986.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_35_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  The Rainforest Biome inside Biosphere 2, with sprinklers running.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1991
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_33_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere scientists Goga Malich (right) and Taber McCallum seen after diving inside the artificial ocean of the Biosphere 2 Project during construction. The Ocean 'biome' provided a source of fish during the two-year duration of the Project. Water that evaporated from the surface of the 'ocean' was condensed and filtered to provide fresh water for consumption and to replenish the freshwater stream.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_32_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere scientist Abigail Alling seen in the artificial ocean of the Biosphere 2 Project during construction. The Ocean 'biome' provided a source of fish during the two-year duration of the Project. Water that evaporated from the surface of the 'ocean' was condensed and filtered to provide fresh water for consumption and to replenish the freshwater stream.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_31_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  The Ocean 'biome' provided a source of fish during the two-year duration of the project. Water that evaporated from the surface of the 'ocean' was condensed and filtered to provide fresh water for consumption and to replenish the freshwater stream.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_30_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Sally Silverstone, one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, holds ladybugs inside the greenhouse of Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_28_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Peter Warshall, a biologist, anthropologist, former Editor-At-Large of Whole Earth Magazine and advisor to Biosphere 2. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_26_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Dr. Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA and one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, seen in the Pacific Ocean with girlfriend Barbara Smith and his daughter Lisa at Venice Beach, California. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_24_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA and one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, seen inside Biosphere 2 talking to his girlfriend Barbara Smith via videophone. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_20_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA and one of the eight inhabitants of the Biosphere, seen inside Biosphere 2 threshing wheat. Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_19_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Roy Walford, former pathologist at UCLA Medical School studying aging on three-year-old mice that have restricted and unrestricted diets (left to right, respectively).  The conclusion was that mice on a calorically restricted diet were healthier and lived longer.  (This study was done by Walford in Los Angeles). Walford authored a book titled The Anti-Aging Plan. He died in 2004 at age 79 of ALS. Walford had been involved in the Project since 1983, and had set up the Biosphere's medical centre.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  MODEL RELEASED 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_16_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Inside the Biosphere 2 test greenhouses.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_14_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate Jane Poynter in the insectariums of Biosphere 2, Oracle, Arizona.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_13_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Biosphere candidate in the animal farm of Biosphere 2, weighing goat milk, Oracle, Arizona.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_11_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Three of the eight candidates for the Biosphere 2 Project, seen at the top of the Biosphere 'mountain' during construction (before the glass canopy covered it).  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_08_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Two of the candidates for the Biosphere 2 Project, Norberto Alvarez-Romo and Mark Van Thillo).   Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_07_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Four Biosphere 2 project candidates with a little goat.   Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_05_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas. Candidates for 1990's Biosphere 2 project. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_03_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas. Candidates for 1990's Biosphere 2 project. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. 1989
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_01_xs.jpg
  • Pattie Maes (and grad student Cecil). Maes is photographed with "ALIVE," a real-time virtual reality system.  She captioned the photo:  "A novel system developed at the MIT Media Lab makes it possible for a person to interact with artificial creatures such as this dog using natural gestures."
    Usa_rs_101_xs.jpg
  • Known as the founder of modern industrial robotics, 74-year-old Joseph Engelberger hitches a ride around his workplace on LabMate. A now-standard platform that companies use for a variety of autonomous robots, LabMate is manufactured by HelpMate, the Danbury, CT company Engelberger founded in 1984. (He sold the company in 1999 to Pyxis, a subsidiary of Cardinal Health, a health-maintenance organization in Ohio, but remains there as a consultant.) Engelberger's interest in robotics dates back to his days as a physics and engineering student. In the 1960s he founded Unimation, the first company that made large robots for automobile factories. Recently Engelberger has devoted more of his energies to making robots that can move about and interact with people, the focus of HelpMate. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 187.
    USA_rs_389_qxxs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_79_xs <br />
The Biosphere 2 Project external buildings at dusk, showing the generator block. Gas generators made 30,000 kilowatt-hours daily. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self- sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self-contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1992
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_79_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_78_xs <br />
The Biosphere 2 Project’s twenty-seven foot test module seen with star trails at night in a long exposure. The building to the right is an atmospheric chamber used to equalize the air pressure in the module. The Biosphere was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at the possibility of future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson Arizona, and is entirely self-contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water- tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life over their two-year stay in the building, producing all of their own food and supporting the whole environment in five 'biomes'; agricultural, rain forest, savannah, ocean and marsh.  1986
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_78_xs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_71_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project environmental research lab. Eating lunch of tilapia fish harvested from the Bioshphere 2 rice fields during a test phase prior to the sealing of the Biosphere.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity. 1987
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_71_xs.jpg
  • Virtual reality videogame: Jack Menzel wears a Nintendo Power Glove to interact with the fictional (or virtual) Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo characters) in the living room of his home in Napa, California. Model Released (1990)
    USA_SCI_VR_43_xs.jpg
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Peter Menzel Photography

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