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  • In Cambridge, MA, retired M.I.T. professor, Jerome Lettvin speaks about his nervous system research. Robo sapiens Project.
    Usa_rs_714_xs.jpg
  • Professor Robert J. Full, in front of a poster of a ghost crab, in his Poly-PEDAL biology lab at UC Berkeley. Full studies animal locomotion on miniaturized treadmills, using hi-speed imaging and force measurements to map out how these creatures actually propel themselves. Cockroaches, crabs, geckos, centipedes have all been studied intently. Full's Poly-PEDAL Lab at UC Berkeley has been working with roboticists for years, supplying them with information on small animal locomotion that is used to construct innovative robots. UC Berkeley, CA, USA.
    Usa_rs_663_xs.jpg
  • The product of a long quest, Robot III, an artificial cockroach built by mechanical engineer Roger Quinn (in blue shirt) and biologist Roy Ritzmann at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH, required seven years to construct. (Quinn directs the Biorobotics Lab at the university.) From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 102-103.
    USA_rs_426_120_qxxs.jpg
  • One of Floyd Zaiger's mature orchards of flowering fruit trees. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Fruit trees in bloom - 1988.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_13_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger evaluates peaches in the field. He has his notebook with him that contains complete histories and periodic evaluations of every tree. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Fruit trees in bloom - MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_10_xs.jpg
  • A worker emasculates blossoms in the Zaiger's greenhouse. Flower petals and buds are removed to leave the pistol exposed, which is then hand-pollinated with brushes or cotton swabs. Blossoms are collected by hand from specific trees in the orchards and pollen is extracted from them by cutting the flower up with small scissors and sifting the parts. The pollen goes into a small plastic bottle that is numbered and stored in ice chests. Many trees are grown in barrels that are moved into the greenhouse to be worked on or to speed up or slow down pollination and development..Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. -MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_09_xs.jpg
  • Hybrid fruit tree blossoms in Floyd Zaiger's greenhouse. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. A fruit tree in bloom. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_08_xs.jpg
  • Gary and and his father Floyd Zaiger in one of their orchards. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Zaiger with his son under an aprium (apricot & plum) tree. 1983. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_05_xs.jpg
  • Zaiger Genetics: Apricots in test tubes in the tissue culture lab run by Grant Zaiger, Floyd's son. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Tissue culture Lab. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_04_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Portrait of Leroy Hood, Caltech scientist. Leroy Hood is an American biologist. He won the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for inventing "four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology" by helping decode the genome. Hood also won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology, and the 1987 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. His inventions include the automated DNA sequencer, a device to create proteins and an automated tool for synthesizing DNA. Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_25_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_10_xs.jpg
  • University of California Berkeley biologist Robert Full analyzes centipede motion by observing the insect's movement across a glass plate covered with "photoelastic" gelatin. On either side of the gel are thin polarizing filters that together block all light coming through the glass. When the centipede's feet contact the gel, they temporarily deform it, altering the way light goes through it and allowing some to pass through the filters. In the test above, one group of legs works on one side of the animal's midsection while two other groups work near its head and tail. UC Berkeley (California. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 94 bottom..
    USA_rs_314_qxxs.jpg
  • USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs <br />
Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Tony Burgess, a biologist and consultant to the project, in the Arizona desert with saguaro cacti.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization. The $30 million Biosphere covers 2.5 acres near Tucson, Arizona, and was entirely self- contained. The eight ‘Biospherian’s’ shared their air- and water-tight world with 3,800 species of plant and animal life. The project had problems with oxygen levels and food supply, and has been criticized over its scientific validity.1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_76_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger cuts open a "Pluot", a cross between a plum and an apricot, in his orchard. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Pluot fruit (plum & apricot) - MODEL RELEASED. 1988.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_12_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger with a "Pluot", a cross between a plum and an apricot. (the fruit is back lit with a pencil light battery stobe. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Zaiger with a pluot fruit (plum & apricot) -MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_07_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger under an aprium hybrid tree. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Zaiger under an aprium (apricot & plum) tree- MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_06_xs.jpg
  • A portion of a test block of Floyd Zaiger's young fruit trees in bloom at night with a near full moon. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_01_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles R. Cantor. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_27_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_22_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_21_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Dr Jonathan Beckwith, American biologist, examining through a magnifying glass, a Petri dish containing a genetically- engineered colony of the bacteria, Escherichia coli, (not in photo) in his laboratory at Harvard Medical School. As a respected scientist working with genetic engineering technology, Beckwith is concerned about the social & legal implications of human genetic screening, an option that might arise from the successful completion of the human genome project - an ambitious plan to make a complete biochemical survey of every gene expressed on all the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989)
    USA_SCI_HGP_05_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Peter Warshall, a biologist, anthropologist, former Editor-At-Large of Whole Earth Magazine and advisor to Biosphere 2. Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_26_xs.jpg
  • Biosphere 2 Project undertaken by Space Biosphere Ventures, a private ecological research firm funded by Edward P. Bass of Texas.  Peter Warshall, a biologist, anthropologist, former Editor-At-Large of Whole Earth Magazine and advisor to Biosphere 2. Seen here with a desert tortoise outside the Biosphere 2.  Biosphere 2 was a privately funded experiment, designed to investigate the way in which humans interact with a small self-sufficient ecological environment, and to look at possibilities for future planetary colonization.  1990
    USA_SCI_BIOSPH_25_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_10_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. Backgroung shows Autorad. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_08_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. In the background is an image of an autoradiogram, the visualization technique used to compare DNA samples. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. DNA consists of two sugar- phosphate backbones, arranged in a double helix, linked by nucleotide bases. There are 4 types of base; adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Sequences of these bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. The bands (black) on the autoradiogram show the sequence of bases in a sample of DNA. Jeffreys is a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, England. DNA Fingerprinting. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_07_xs.jpg
  • Zaiger Tissue Culture Lab. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, was founded in 1958. Over the years, Zaiger has received numerous awards in the US and Europe. He has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium.  [1983]
    USA_SCI_BIOT_06_xs.jpg
  • In the same building as Robert Full at UC Berkeley is Michael Dickinson, whose email address "FlymanD" is revealing. Dickinson is a biologist specializing in the study of the aerodynamics of flapping flight. His bizarre studies of fruit fly flight are fascinating. In one small room sits a Plexiglas tank filled with two metric tons of mineral oil. Suspended in the oil are giant mechanical models of fruit fly wings, RoboFly. Because the tiny movements of the wings of a real fruit fly displace air on such a small scale that the air acts sticky, RoboFly enables Dickinson to study similar forces when the giant wings are flapping in oil.
    Usa_rs_635_xs.jpg
  • Michael Dickinson of the University of California at Berkeley's email address is revealing: FlymanD. Dickinson is a biologist specializing in the study of the aerodynamics of flapping flight. His studies of fruit fly flight are fascinating. In one small room sits a Plexiglas tank filled with two metric tons of mineral oil. Suspended in the oil are giant mechanical models of fruit fly wings: RoboFly.  RoboFly enables Dickinson to study similar forces when the giant wings are flapping in oil. Thousands of tiny bubbles that act as visual tracers are forced into the oil from an air compressor making all the swirling turbulence visible. The device has been used to identify the unusual aerodynamic mechanisms that insects use to fly and maneuver. UC Berkeley, CA, USA.
    Usa_rs_612_xs.jpg
  • Case Western research biologist James Watson nudges a cockroach onto an insect-sized treadmill, intending to measure the actions of its leg muscles with minute electrodes. To ensure that the roach runs on its course, Watson coaxes it onward with a pair of big tweezers. In the experiment, the electrode readings from the insect's leg are matched to its movements, recorded by a high-speed video camera. Cleveland, OH. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 105.
    USA_rs_322_qxxs.jpg
  • Gloved to ward off the possibility of a nasty bite, Berkeley biologist Robert J. Full prepares to pluck a gecko from his office door. A source of inspiration to roboticists around the world, Full's Poly-PEDAL laboratory is one of the premier research centers in the field of animal locomotion. (Polypedal means "many-footed"; PEDAL is an acronym for the Performance, Energetics, and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion.) UC Berkeley (California) From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 91.
    USA_rs_311_qxxs.jpg
  • Fruit crosses: Pluots (a cross between a plums and apricots at center), plumcots (samples of the first stage of crossbreeding an apricot with a plum, at right), and apriums (a cross between plumcots and apricots, at left). Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Pluot fruit (plum & apricot) - 1988.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_11_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger, with two women workers on ladders, emasculate blossoms in the Zaiger's greenhouse. Flower petals and buds are removed to leave the pistol exposed, which is then hand-pollinated with brushes or cotton swabs. Blossoms are collected by hand from specific trees in the orchards and pollen is extracted from them by cutting the flower up with small scissors and sifting the parts. The pollen goes into a small plastic bottle that is numbered and stored in ice chests. Many trees are grown in barrels that are moved into the greenhouse to be worked on or to speed up or slow down pollination and development. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. -MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_03_xs.jpg
  • Floyd Zaiger with "Zaiger's brides" at night in front of a test block of flowering trees. Hand-pollinated trees in barrels are covered with cheesecloth nets, which keeps stray bees from pollinating flowers with uncontrolled pollen. These draped trees are called "Zaiger's brides" by employees. Floyd Zaiger (Born 1926) is a biologist who is most noted for his work in fruit genetics. Zaiger Genetics, located in Modesto, California, USA, was founded in 1958. Zaiger has spent his life in pursuit of the perfect fruit, developing both cultivars of existing species and new hybrids such as the pluot and the aprium. Fruit trees in bloom -MODEL RELEASED. 1983.
    USA_AG_ZAIG_02_xs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Columbia University. Charles Cantor, American biologist, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED (1989).
    USA_SCI_HGP_09_xs.jpg
  • (1992) Professor Alec Jeffreys (b. 1950), English molecular biologist and discoverer of DNA fingerprinting. A DNA fingerprint is a unique genetic sequence, which identifies any individual, human or animal, from a tiny sample of tissue such as blood, hair, or sperm. Its many uses include the identification and conviction of criminals, and the proving of family relationships, such as the paternity of a child. Only monozygotic 'identical' twins share the same DNA. MODEL RELEASED
    GBR_SCI_DNA_11_xs.jpg
  • Utilizing the research results of University of California biologist Robert Full, Martin Buehler of McGill University and Daniel E. Koditschek of the University of Michigan seized upon when they created RHex (controlled by graduate student Uluç Saranli). Tested in a laboratory (at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor) dominated by an antique poster for Isaac Asimov's book, I, Robot, RHex could become a "companion robot," Buehler says, following its owner around like a friendly mechanical shadow. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 97.
    USA_rs_470_qxxs.jpg
  • Hunched over a treadmill designed for arthropods, biologist Robert Full tests an Arizona centipede in his laboratory at UC Berkeley (California). Even though the centipede has forty legs, it runs much like an ordinary six-legged insect. Just as insects move on two alternating sets of three legs (two on one side, one on the other), the centipede gathers its legs into three alternating groups, with the tips of the feet in each group bunched together. From the book Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species, page 94 top.
    USA_rs_319_qxxs.jpg
  • Human Genome Project: Charles R. Cantor and Cassandra Smith, American biologists, photographed in a laboratory at Columbia University, New York, in May 1989. Cantor's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, he has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Smith's area of research is human genetics. With colleagues at Columbia, she has contributed to work on the human genome project, an ambitious plant to construct a complete biochemical document detailing every gene expressed on each of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. MODEL RELEASED.
    USA_SCI_HGP_28_xs.jpg

Peter Menzel Photography

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